Dr Paul Spence

Dr Paul Spence

Physical Oceanographer and Climate Scientist

Publications

Please see below for a publication list of my journal articles. You can also visit my Google Scholar or Orchid Id profiles.

Journal Articles

Articles submitted for publication

  • Webb, D., Holmes, R. M., Spence, P. and England, M.: Propagation of barotropic Kelvin waves around Antarctica. Submitted to Ocean Dynamics.

  • Menviel, L., Waugh, D., Spence, P., Chamberlain, M., Lago, V., Zhao, L., and England, M.: Natural carbon release compensates for anthropogenic carbon uptake when Southern Hemispheric westerlies strengthen. Submitted to Global Biogeochemical Cycles.

    2021

  1. Georgiou, S., Ypma, S., Bruggemann, N., Sayol, J., van der Boog, C., Spence, P., Pietrzak, J. and Katsman, C. 2021: Direct and Indirect Pathways of Convected Water Masses and their impacts on the Overturning Dynamics of the Labrador Sea. JGR-Oceans. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016654 pdf
  2. Zeller, M., McGregor, S., van Sebille, E., Capotondi, A., Spence, P. 2021: Subtropical‑tropical pathways of spiciness anomalies and their impact on equatorial Pacifc temperature. Climate Dynamics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05524-8 pdf

  3. Webb, D., Spence, P., Holmes, R. M. and England, M.: Planetary-wave induced strengthening of the AMOC forced by poleward intensified Southern Hemisphere westerly winds. Journal of Climate. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0858.1

    4. 2020

  4. Menviel, L., Spence, P., Skinner, L., Tachikawa, K., Friedrich, T., Missiaen, L. and Yu, L. 2020: Enhanced Mid‐depth Southward Transport in the Northeast Atlantic at the Last Glacial Maximum Despite a Weaker AMOC. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003793 pdf
  5. Duran, E., Phillips, H., Furue, R., Spence, P., Bindoff, N. 2020: Southern Australia Current System based on a gridded hydrography and a high-resolution model. Progress in Oceanography. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102254 pdf
  6. Hirschi, J. et al. 2020: The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in high resolution models. JGR-Oceans. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015522 pdf
  7. Duran, E., England, M., Spence, P. 2020: Surface ocean warming around Australia driven by interannual variability and long‐term trends in Southern Hemisphere westerlies. Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086605 pdf
  8. Kiss, A. et al. 2020: ACCESS-OM2 v1.0: a global ocean–sea ice model at three resolutions. Geoscientic Model Developments. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-401-2020 pdf
  9. Morrison, A., Hogg, A., England, M., Spence, P. 2020: Warm Circumpolar Deep Water transport toward Antarctica driven by local dense water export in canyons. Science Advances. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2516 pdf

    10. 2019

  10. Waugh, D., Hogg, A., Spence, P., England, M., Haine, T. 2019: Response of Southern Ocean ventilation to changes in mid-latitude westerly winds. Journal of Climate, 32, 5345-5361. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0039.1 pdf
  11. Zeller, M., McGregor, S., Spence, P. 2019: Hemispheric asymmetry of the Pacific shallow meridional overturning circulation. Climate Dynamics, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014840 pdf
  12. Hughes, C., Fukumori, I., Griffies, S., Huthenance, J., Minobe, S., & Spence, P., Thompson, K., Wise, A. 2019: Sea Level and the Role of Coastal Trapped Waves in Mediating the Influence of the Open Ocean on the Coast. Surveys in Geophysics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09535-x pdf
  13. Ypma, SL, Brüggemann, N, Georgiou, S, Spence, P & Dijkstra, H., Pietrzak, J., Katsman, C. 2019: Pathways and watermass transformation of Atlantic Water entering the Nordic Seas through Denmark Strait in two high resolution ocean models. Deep Sea Research, vol. 145, pp. 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.02.002 pdf
  14. Webb, D., Holmes, R., Spence, P., and England, M. 2019: Barotropic Kelvin Wave‐Induced Bottom Boundary Layer Warming Along the West Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 124, no. 3, pp. 1595–1615. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014227 pdf

    15. 2018

  15. Thompson, AF, Stewart, AL, Spence, P & Heywood, KJ 2018: The Antarctic Slope Current in a Changing Climate, Reviews of Geophysics , vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 741–770. https://doi:10.1029/2018rg000624 pdf
  16. Menviel, L, Spence, P, Yu, J, Chamberlain, MA & Matear, RJ et al. 2018: Southern Hemisphere westerlies as a driver of the early deglacial atmospheric CO2 rise, Nature Communications, vol. 9, no. 1, https://doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04876-4 pdf
  17. Thran, AC, Dutkiewicz, A, Spence, P and Müller, RD 2018: Controls on the global distribution of contourite drifts: Insights from an eddy-resolving ocean model, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 489, pp. 228–240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.02.044 pdf
  18. Maher, N, England, MH, Gupta, AS and Spence, P, 2017: Role of Pacific trade winds in driving ocean temperatures during the recent slowdown and projections under a wind trend reversal, Climate Dynamics, vol. 51, no. 1-2, pp. 321–336, https://doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3923-3 pdf
  19. Stoney, L, Walsh, KJE, Thomas, S, Spence, P & Babanin, AV, 2018: ‘Changes in Ocean Heat Content Caused by Wave-Induced Mixing in a High-Resolution Ocean Model’, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1139–1150, https://doi:10.1175/jpo-d-17-0142.1 pdf
  20. Downes, SM, Spence, P & Hogg, AM 2018, ‘Understanding variability of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation in CORE-II models’, Ocean Modelling, vol. 123, pp. 98–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.01.005 pdf

    21. 2017

  21. Spence, P, Holmes, RM, Hogg, AM, Griffies, SM, Stewart, KD & England, M, 2017, ‘Localized rapid warming of West Antarctic subsurface waters by remote winds’, Nature Climate Change, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 595–603, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3335 pdf
  22. Walsh, K, Govekar, P, Babanin, AV, Ghantous, M, Spence, P, Scoccimarro, E., 2017, ‘The effect on simulated ocean climate of a parameterization of unbroken wave-induced mixing incorporated into the k-epsilon mixing scheme’, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 735–758, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016ms000707 pdf
  23. Stewart, KD, Hogg, AM, Griffies, SM, Heerdegen, AP, Ward, ML, Spence, P, England, M, 2017, ‘Vertical resolution of baroclinic modes in global ocean models’, Ocean Modelling, vol. 113, pp. 50–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.03.012 pdf
  24. Jourdain, NC, Mathiot, P, Merino, N, Durand, G, Sommer, JL, Spence, P, Dutrieux, P, and Madec, G, 2017, ‘Ocean circulation and sea-ice thinning induced by melt- ing ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea’, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 2550–2573, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jc012509 pdf
  25. Hogg, AM, Spence, P, Saenko, OA & Downes, SM 2017, ‘The Energetics of Southern Ocean Upwelling’, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 135–153, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0176.1 pdf
  26. Downes, SM, Langlais, C, Brook, JP & Spence, P 2017, ‘Regional Impacts of the Westerly Winds on Southern Ocean Mode and Intermediate Water Subduction’, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 2521–2530, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0106.1 pdf
  27. Donat-Magnin, M, Jourdain, NC, Spence, P, Sommer, JL & Gallée, H and Durand, G, 2017, ‘Ice-Shelf Melt Response to Changing Winds and Glacier Dynamics in the Amundsen Sea Sector, Antarctica’, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 122, no. 12, pp. 10206– 10224, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jc013059 pdf
  28. Courtois, P, Hu, X, Pennelly, C, Spence, P & Myers, PG 2017, ‘Mixed layer depth calculation in deep convection regions in ocean numerical models’, Ocean Modelling, vol. 120, pp. 60–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.10.007 pdf

    29. 2016

  29. Ypma, SL, Sebille, Ev, Kiss, AE & Spence, P 2016, ‘The separation of the E ast A ustralian C urrent: A L agrangian approach to po- tential vorticity and upstream control’, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 758–774, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jc011133 pdf
  30. Wang, Q, Ilicak, M, Gerdes, R, Drange, H & Aksenov, Y et al. 2016, ‘An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part II: Liquid freshwater’, Ocean Modelling, vol. 99, pp. 86–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.12.009 pdf
  31. Wang, Q, Ilicak, M, Gerdes, R, Drange, H & Aksenov, Y et al. 2016, ‘An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part I: Sea ice and solid freshwater’, Ocean Modelling, vol. 99, pp. 110–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.12.008 pdf
  32. Ilıcak, M, Drange, H, Wang, Q, Gerdes, R & Aksenov, Y et al. 2016, ‘An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part III: Hydrography and fluxes’, Ocean Modelling, vol. 100, pp. 141–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.02.004 pdf
  33. Dutkiewicz, A, Müller, RD, Hogg, AM & Spence, P 2016, ‘Vigorous deep-sea currents cause global anomaly in sediment accumulation in the Southern Ocean’, Geology, vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 663–666, https://doi.org/10.1130/g38143.1 pdf

    34. 2015

  34. Menviel, L., Spence, P., Golledge, N.R., and England, M.H., 2015: Southern Ocean overturning role in modulating high south- ern latitude climate and atmospheric CO2 on millennial timescales. Nova Acta Leopoldina NF 121: 159-166.
  35. Stewart, KD, Spence, P, Waterman, S, Sommer, JL & Molines, Lilly, J, England, M, 2015, ‘Anisotropy of eddy variability in the global ocean’, Ocean Modelling, vol. 95, pp. 53–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.09.005 pdf
  36. Saenko, OA, Yang, D, Gregory, JM, Spence, P & Myers, PG 2015, ‘Separating the influence of projected changes in air temperature and wind on patterns of sea level change and ocean heat content’, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 120, no. 8, pp. 5749– 5765, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jc010928 pdf
  37. Menviel, L, Spence, P & England, MH 2015, ‘Contribution of enhanced Antarctic Bottom Water formation to Antarctic warm events and millennial-scale atmospheric CO2 increase’, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 413, pp. 37–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.050 pdf
  38. Downes, SM, Farneti, R, Uotila, P, Griffies, SM & Marsland, SJ et al. 2015, ‘An assessment of Southern Ocean wa- ter masses and sea ice during 1988–2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations’, Ocean Modelling, vol. 94, pp. 67– 94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.07.022 pdf

    39. 2014

  39. Spence, P, Griffies, SM, England, MH, Hogg, AM & Saenko, OA et al. 2014, ‘Rapid subsurface warming and circula- tion changes of Antarctic coastal waters by poleward shifting winds’, Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 41, no. 13, pp. 4601– 4610, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl060613 pdf
  40. England, MH, McGregor, S, Spence, P, Meehl, GA & Timmermann, A et al. 2014, ‘Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus’, Nature Climate Change, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 222–227, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2106 pdf
  41. Spence, P, Sebille, Ev, Saenko, OA & England, MH 2014, ‘Using Eulerian and Lagrangian Approaches to Investigate Wind-Driven Changes in the Southern Ocean Abyssal Circulation’, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 662–675, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-0108.1 pdf
  42. McGregor, S, Spence, P, Schwarzkopf, FU, England, MH & Santoso, A et al. 2014, ‘ENSO-driven interhemispheric Pacific mass transports’, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 119, no. 9, pp. 6221–6237, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010286 pdf

    43. 2013

  43. Sebille, Ev, Spence, P, Mazloff, MR, England, MH & Rintoul, SR et al. 2013, ‘Abyssal connections of Antarctic Bottom Water in a Southern Ocean State Estimate’, Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 2177–2182, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50483 pdf
  44. Frankcombe, LM, Spence, P, Hogg, AM, England, MH & Griffies, SM 2013, ‘Sea level changes forced by Southern Ocean winds’, Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 40, no. 21, pp. 5710–5715, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058104 pdf
  45. Spence, P, Saenko, OA, Sijp, W & England, MH 2013, ‘North Atlantic Climate Response to Lake Agassiz Drainage at Coarse and Ocean Eddy-Permitting Resolutions’, Journal of Climate, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 2651–2667, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00683.1 pdf
  46. Morrison, AK, Saenko, OA, Hogg, AM & Spence, P 2013, ‘The role of vertical eddy flux in Southern Ocean heat uptake’, Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 40, no. 20, pp. 5445–5450, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl057706 odf
  47. McGregor, S, Ramesh, N, Spence, P, England, MH & McPhaden, MJ et al. 2013, ‘Meridional movement of wind anomalies during ENSO events and their role in event termination’, Geophysical Research Letters , vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 749–754, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50136pdf
  48. Fogwill, C, Turner, C, Meissner, K, Golledge, N, Spence, P, et al. 2013, ‘Testing the sensitivity of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to Southern Ocean dynamics: past changes and future implications’, Journal of Quaternary Science, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 91– 98, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2683

    49. 2012

  49. Spence, P, Saenko, OA, Sijp, W & England, M 2012, ‘The Role of Bottom Pressure Torques on the Interior Pathways of North Atlantic Deep Water’, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 110–125, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jpo4584.1 pdf
  50. Spence, P, Saenko, OA, Dufour, CO, Sommer, JL & England, MH 2012, ‘Mechanisms Maintaining Southern Ocean Meridional Heat Transport under Projected Wind Forcing’, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 1923–1931, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-03.1pdf
  51. Sijp, WP, Gregory, JM, Tailleux, R & Spence, P 2012, ‘The Key Role of the Western Boundary in Linking the AMOC Strength to the North–South Pressure Gradient’, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 628–643, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0113.1 pdf
  52. Saenko, OA, Gupta, AS & Spence, P 2012, ‘On Challenges in Predicting Bottom Water Transport in the Southern Ocean’, Journal of Climate, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1349–1356, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00040.1 pdf

    53. 2011

  53. Montenegro, A, Spence, P, Meissner, KJ, Eby, M & Melchin, MJ et al. 2011, ‘Climate simulations of the Permian-Triassic boundary: Ocean acidification and the extinction event’, Paleoceanography, vol. 26, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010pa002058 pdf

    54. 2010

  54. Spence, P, Fyfe, JC, Montenegro, A & Weaver, AJ 2010, ‘Southern Ocean Response to Strengthening Winds in an Eddy-Permitting Global Climate Model’, Journal of Climate, vol. 23, no. 19, pp. 5332–5343, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3098.1 pdf

    55. 2009

  55. Spence, P, Saenko, OA, Eby, M & Weaver, AJ 2009, ‘The Southern Ocean Overturning: Parameterized versus Permitted Eddies’, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 1634–1651, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4120.1 pdf

    56. 2008

  56. Spence, JP, Eby, M & Weaver, AJ 2008, ‘The Sensitivity of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to Freshwater Forcing at Eddy-Permitting Resolutions’, Journal of Climate, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 2697–2710, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli2103.1 pdf

    57. 2006

  57. Spence, JP & Weaver, AJ 2006, ‘The Impact of Tropical Atlantic Freshwater Fluxes on the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation’, Journal of Climate, vol. 19, no. 18, pp. 4592–4604, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3873.1 pdf